Shadow prices of industrial air pollutant emissions in China

Shadow prices of undesirable outputs assess the opportunity costs emissions reduction and provide a comprehensive measuring indicator for overall environmental regulation stringency. industrial air pollutant in China 2006–2016 have been estimated by different nonparametric models, their determinants, as well controlling effects regulations, further investigated this study. Our empirical results reveal that conventional polluting technology model is consistent with two sub-technologies model, shadow models differed absolute values but shared same growth trends regional characteristics. Decomposition according to logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method indicate variations were due combined forces energy saving end-of-pipe analyzed periods. Moreover, we found China’s regulations disparities recent years (2006–2016) effectively reduced at an increasing rate, taxes imposed 2018 still followed existing unbalances